Understand what income is subject to self-employment tax.
Learn about exemptions from self-employment tax.
Learn how to compute self-employment tax.
Self-employment (SE) tax is a tax consisting of Social Security and Medicare taxes primarily for individuals who work for themselves. It is like the Social Security and Medicare taxes withheld from the pay of most wage earners. But unlike wage earners who pay half the Social Security and Medicare taxes with their employers paying an equal amount of these employment taxes, the self-employed person pays both halves of the taxes.
Self-employment tax applies to individuals who work for themselves in a trade or business and make a net profit. The profit is derived from carrying on a trade or business, and it is generally reported on Schedule C, E, or F. If the net profit exceeds $400 for a tax year, then self-employment tax applies. It is calculated using Schedule SE, which is filed with the individual's federal tax return.
In general, you're considered self-employed if you are a sole proprietor, independent contractor, active member of a partnership, or are otherwise in business for yourself. You can be a full-time business owner with/without employees or just do freelance or gig work on the side.
Exemptions From Self-Employment Tax
There are several situations where individuals are not subject to self-employment tax. These include:
A shareholder’s portion of an S corporation’s taxable income
Fees for the services of a notary public
Non-resident aliens unless the resident country has an international social security agreement that requires coverage in the US.
Real estate rental income unless extraordinary services (e.g., maid services) are provided.
Rents paid in crop shares
Statutory employees
The non-professional fiduciary (not in the trade or business of being a fiduciary) of an estate or trust on an isolated basis.
Members of the clergy who take a vow of poverty
Termination payments of former insurance salespeople
In addition to these situations, occasional income that is not accompanied by efforts to continue in the activity for compensation is free of self-employment tax. This means that receiving a Form 1099 that reports the income may not require you to pay SE tax on the payment but income tax will likely still apply.
Self-Employment Tax Rates
The inflation-adjusted SE tax rate for 2025 is 15.3% on the first $176,100 (up from $168,000 in 2024) of net SE income. Then continues at a rate of 2.9% on the net income of more than $176,100. The 15.3% rate is the sum of a 12.4% Social Security tax and a 2.9% Medicare tax on net earnings.
For net profits of more than $200,000 for single taxpayers ($250,000 for married filing jointly), an additional 0.9% in Medicare tax is required.
In some cases, an individual also has wages from an employer. The amount of self-employment income would then be subject to the 12.4% portion of the self-employment tax (up to the $168,000 cap) for the year minus the amount of their W-2 income subject to FICA withholding.
It's important to note that self-employed individuals can deduct half of their self-employment tax from their gross income when calculating their tax liability. This helps to equalize the overall tax burden for self-employed individuals, who must pay both the employer and employee portion of Social Security and Medicare taxes, compared to those who are employed by others. This deduction is not claimed on the Schedule C form as a business expense. Although does reduce income when figuring the individual’s adjusted gross income.
Farm and Non-farm Optional Methods
The farm and non-farm optional methods are two ways to calculate self-employment tax that can be beneficial for taxpayers who have low earnings or a loss from self-employment.
Farm Optional Method: This method can be used by self-employed farmers who have a gross farm income of not more than $10,860(for 2024) or a net farm loss. Using this method, farmers can report two-thirds of their gross farm income, up to $7,840 , as their net earnings for Social Security purposes. There is no limit on the number of years the farm optional method can be used.
Non-Farm Optional Method: This method can be used by other self-employed individuals who have net non-farm profits of less than $7,840 (for 2024) or a net non-farm loss. Using this method, self-employed individuals can report two-thirds of their gross non-farm income, up to $7,840, as their net earnings for Social Security purposes. An individual can use the nonfarm optional method to figure their self-employment earnings for only 5 years, which don’t have to be consecutive.
The reason for these methods is to allow self-employed individuals to continue to earn credits toward Social Security benefits; even in years when their business has low earnings or a loss. However, these methods can only be used if they result in a higher SE tax than the regular method.
To use the nonfarm optional method, the individual must be regularly self-employed. This means that their actual net earnings from self-employment were $400 or more in 2 of the 3 years before the year they used the nonfarm optional method.
Foreign Earned Income
A frequent question is whether foreign-earned self-employment income is subject to self-employment tax. Even if you qualify for the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and can exclude up to $130,000 (2025 amount) of your foreign self-employment income from income tax, that SE income is still subject to self-employment tax.
The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion does not apply to self-employment tax. Self-employed individuals with foreign SE income must pay Social Security and Medicare taxes on their net earnings from self-employment, even if they can exclude the income for income tax purposes.
However, the United States has entered into “Totalization Agreements” with several countries to avoid double taxation of income with respect to social security taxes. These agreements must be considered to determine whether any foreign social security tax paid on foreign self-employment income can be credited against U.S. self-employment tax.
